Aurora Biosciences Corporation

This is one of those picket and shovel companies in the Biotechnology sector. ABSC designs and develops drug discovery technologies and services. Aurora Biosciences is developing a system using fluorescent assay technologies and ultra-high-throughput screening systems (UHTSS) to allow researchers to overcome many limitations of traditional drug discovery processes. Aurora's functional genomics technology can successfully analyze over half a billion discrete cells derived from 20 million independent GenomeScreen(TM) clones in one day. It's GenomeScreen(TM) technology acts as a search engine to rapidly scan the genome of living, human cells to find genes associated with specified diseases or physiological processes. ABSC has technology capable of searching through expansive libraries of compounds to identify those that might lead to new medicines. This enables Aurora to rapidly identify commercially relevant genes, and to directly develop screens for drug discovery, faster and more efficiently than existing methods. To date, Aurora has filed for patent protection on over 100 previously unknown gene sequences, including their use for compound screening, human diagnostics and drug discovery. ge ·nome – set of chromosomes: the full complement of genetic information that an individual organism inherits from its parents, especially the set of chromosomes and the genes they carry. A genome is the complete collection of an organism's genetic material. The human genome is made of about 50,000 to 100,000 genes located on the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell. A single human chromosome may contain more than 250 million DNA base pairs, and it is estimated that the entire human genome consists of about 3 billion base pairs. Genetic information is found in each cell of the body, encoded in the chemical deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The ultimate goal of genomic mapping and sequencing is to associate specific human traits and inherited diseases with genes at locations on the chromosomes. The successful completion of the genome project will provide a better understanding of the organization of human genes and chromosomes. It promises to revolutionize both therapeutic and preventive medicine by providing insights into the basic biochemical processes that cause many Human diseases. Celera (CRA) will soon reveal the sequence of the genome. When completed it will steer to a new great scientific challenge. The big commercial challenge after the completion of the genome will be to understand the function of the genes identified. (This market will be colossal) Aurora stands at the crossroads of this challenge by conducting the gene discovery while at the same time assigning function information to the genes. With their GenomeScreen technology, they're in the business of discovering what genes actually do. So a challenge to sequence-based patents would likely heat up demand for Aurora's technology. (Ok, it gets complicated here so just bare with me) Currently, about 20% of discovery programs are based on genomics. In fact, it has been predicted that virtually all new discovery programs will be genomics based in a few years. A major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry is to determine which of these â€Å"targets† is significant from the drug discovery perspective (meaning $$$). To do this, companies must assign functions to the targets (what it does). Once the target has been identified, you still have to build a screen to find drugs that affect the target, a process which takes up to a year. Aurora's Genomics and Molecular Biology division has developed a technology to overcome these challenges. The value that Aurora brings to this process is added at all stages, from gene identification to target validation to screening compounds to the compounds themselves. In other words, it does important (cool) stuff that makes the company the good old American dollar bill. Revenue in 1999 was 90% higher than in 1998. Aurora has grown from $2 million in revenue in 1996 to $50 million in revenue in 1999, compared to revenue of $26.5 million and a net loss of $18.7 million, or $1.14 per share, for the year ended December 31, 1998. This year ABSC is expected to make $.19 and $.34 in 2001. Last year ABSC made $.01 per share, its EPS growth is expected to be 1750% this year and 82.43% in 2001. From three months ago its earnings have been raised 11.7% for 2000 and 21.4% for 2001. In the past four quarters is has beat expectations by between 18.75% and 54.55%. It is estimated that it†s growth for the next five years will be around 50%. ABSC has a proprietary enabling technology, agreements with almost every major pharma co., forecast profitability, high growth, strong management team, track record of exceeding earnings forecast, growth industry, small float leading to great price elasticity, and one positive press release after another and most importantly an explosive market. The future of this company is very bright. This sector is very volatile, this is a long term hold. The price hit a high of $140 a few months and has now dropped to $31 7/8. The reason for the drop was due to President Clinton†s comments concerning the Human Genome. Those comments do not affect ABSC, but because the shareholders did not know what Aurora Biosciences does they sold when Clinton said something negative about genomics. He said that when the Human Genome was decoded it would have to be shared. ABSC benefits from genome, it does not sell it. Current customers include American Home Products, Becton Dickinson, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Cytovia, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Exelixis Pharmaceuticals, F. Hoffmann- LaRoche Ltd., Genentech, Inc., Glaxo Wellcome, Merck & Co., Inc., National Cancer Institute, Pfizer, Inc., Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc. and Warner-Lambert Disclaimer: (its really good and it took me a lot of time to phrase it just right, so please read it) I know that the future growth might sound too good to be true and it might actually. And remember these are only ESTIMATES and no matter how conservative I make them sound the company might not fulfill them. This is not an investment advisory service, it is recommended that you consult with a licensed financial advisor before making any investment decisions. The information herein should not be construed as an offer to buy or sell securities. The information is taken from sources thought to be accurate but there is no guarantee. All due diligence should be done by the reader or their financial advisor.

A Comparative Look at Beethoven and Mozart Lives

Beethoven and Mozart are great and famous composers of classical music who share similarities in musical composition and still both exhibit certain differences. Being counted among the list of the most influential composers in the history of music, Wolfgang Mozart and Ludwig Beethoven are artists who have much in common.This paper draws on the views that both of these composers have the same musical foundation having been introduced to music by their fathers. It seeks to explore the similarities as well as differences in the lives of Mozart and Beethoven in the history of music.Mozart and Beethoven are from the same origin and they worked in the same musical genres such as classical and romantic thus exemplifying themselves as very talented musician a as well as prolific composers. However, it is plausible to accept the fundamental truth there are no two people are exactly the same. On this basis, Mozart and Beethoven harbor certain differences that emanate from their different perso nalities and perspectives in music. As a result, it emerges that the age at which they began composing points out clear differences in their composition and musical careers coupled by their musical style.Differences The first notably difference between Mozart and Beethoven lies in their musical style. Brown (23-25) postulates that the overwhelming greater part of the composition of Mozart is not only light but also very aerial and delightful. As such, music critics have attributed that the musical pieces of Mozart aim at general entertainment and extensively apt relaxation which underlies the whole paradigm in which music is composed and performed. On the hand, Beethoven’s music is typical of intensive drama which makes it heavier and typical of a wide range of pith.In light of this, Wallace (105-107) explains that the music of Beethoven exhibits a lot of in-depth passion and dynamism in composition as well as performance. Notably, another important difference that marks the Beethoven and Mozart is their entry age in the field of musical composition. Arguably, Mozart began his musical career at the age of five and grew up composing music for royal people in most cases (Lancaster, 37-39). On the same note, Beethoven is said to have delved into music when he was already a teenager and concentrated a composing music for the public at large.With regard to this difference, both musical artists grew in different circumstances as pertains their introduction to music and thus, their audience became marked by the conditions that characterized their entry in music. With the different audiences, Mozart and Beethoven had to compose music at deferent condition and they addressed different thematic concerns hence marking their greatest difference in their lives and music (Pestelli, 52-54). Significantly, it is prudent to note their difference in notation styles. Mozart continued to produce musical piece that was marked by clear and neat notations.Comparatively, this was greatly different from the notational styles of Beethoven since his composition was marked by sloppy, unclear and somewhat careless notations (Brown, 49-51). Extensively, the style of their music as well as the audience they composed for left them emotionally feeling different. For instance, as Mozart became a happy, easy-going composer and person in life while Beethoven was typical of bad temper and largely became depressive. On this note the life experiences of these two life time composers propelled them to different pedestals.Essentially, Beethoven led a lone life but his due to the question that he composed and performed for the general public he received an honorable burial after his death at the age fifty six. On the other hand, Mozart who specialized in composing for the royalties was buried in unmarked grave in Vienna at the age of thirty six (Lancaster, 87-89). Unlike Mozart, Beethoven had a method of composing which mirrored a situation where he recorded ideals in not ebooks and later used them in building up blocks for his composition.For example, the Ode of Joy, a symphony that was build on the theme of seeds was a concept conceived several years ago Accordingly, it is a reflection of a long gestation period of composition where Beethoven paid supreme attention to minute details in a bid to depict that in the music lies strength of idealism (Wallace, 36-38). This creative process marked the inspirational ability of Beethoven. However, Mozart was radical and was dubbed the Trent Reznor of his lifetime. He succeeded in his spontaneity ability as well as his outspoken nature.With regard to their musical works, Beethoven composed pieces that rapidly diverged from his teacher and peers. Revolution was in air and Beethoven’s symphonies mirrored both political and artistic features. For example, his third symphony was dedicated to Napoleon but later own, Beethoven deleted his name on the title of the Symphony after the realization that Napoleon had already declared himself an emperor (Pestelli, 41-42). The resulting events led to Beethoven to produce shorter symphonies such as his fourth and eighth.In light of this, Beethoven explored new areas in life and extensively wrote string quartets following the influence he got from his teacher Haydin. The works of Beethoven largely bordered personal introspective works that slid into uncharted musicals that still remained intimate. As a result, Brown (45-48) highlights that Beethoven composed various pieces that included several overtures, a mass and opera as well as concertos. He even stretched his base to write for piano with a host of sonatas and concertos for violins.On the other hand, Mozart influenced greatly on the musical development by drawing his works from figures and preludes and extensively employed fugal writing within the larger composition of symphonies. Although this influenced greatly on the development of classical music, it had little connection to his creati vity. Wallace (28-29) argues that the feelings, thoughts and ideologies of Mozart formed the basis of his influence and success in musical composition. As a result, these influence strove Mozart to commit to the depth of musical form and thus position him as a successful romantic composer.In the same vein, both great musicians had extraordinary pieces of music and performed in different era. Mozart belonged to the classical period while Beethoven belonged to the romantic era. As such, Mozart ended up being criticized for composing radical music that endangers the morals of the women since majority of these women were aroused with Mozart music. Beethoven on the other hand Beethoven had the advantage of in paving way for the creation and invention of pianoforte. The greatest music of Beethoven is his symphonies which are still heard in the present time as they were listed to in his time.Compared to Mozart, Beethoven continued to unify contrasting movements using musical continuity. Of ten, his music would have unclear ending, something that made his symphonies a bit longer (Brown, 57-61). Similarities It is worth noting that ideas and differences between Beethoven and Mozart can not suffice to say that either of them was better than the other but the interesting point of focus should be built around the understanding that both of them made major contributions in the world of classical music; contributions which led to the development of music as an art.Arguably, we can draw from their differences to construct a viewpoint of how Mozart and Beethoven are similar. Significantly, considering the fact that both of them were creative and gifted innovators of classical music during the classical and romantic period, both Mozart and Beethoven share a similar characteristic of being musical genius (Pestelli, 12-17). In addition, Brown (65-67) illustrates that Beethoven went at length of achieving the iconic status of musical composer.This factor is equally shared by Mozar t and thus, the iconic status as a composer was a status achieved as a result of ones revolutionary and immense influence on the development of music within the milieu of pivotal points in terms of the classical and the romantic periods. As such, the symphonies of Mozart as well as Beethoven demonstrates the development for music in these eras as the themes portrayed in these symphonies resonate what was entirely used as the European anthem. Moreover, their images are construed within the parameters of musical history.Beethoven, just like Mozart was born into a musical family where the father and grandfather were singers. Although this is not to the same extent, it is plausible to argue both Beethoven and Mozart were musical prodigies who were taught music by their parents at a tender age. Lancaster (121-122) asserts that the education of these two musical composers was courted by musicians such as Neefe; a factor which enabled them to demonstrate their musical talents in areas such as keyboard playing piano and harpsichord.In addition, composers during their eras were employees of the church, state or rich patron who were requested to compose musical works to articulate different occasions that were deemed important within the precincts of religion as well as secular. According to Wallace (23-44) both Beethoven and Mozart exhibited some sense of independence in their creative works. As such, they could set their own agenda in the entire composition.The basis of the set agenda gave these artists the opportunity to express their deepest feelings in life as exemplified by Beethoven who have his three symphonies reflecting the ideals of republicanism, liberty, religious beliefs as well as the aspect of brotherhood in the society. Conclusion From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that Beethoven and Mozart are great and famous composers of classical music but both exhibit certain differences. Being counted among the list of the most influential composers in t he history of music, Wolfgang Mozart and Ludwig Beethoven are artists who have much in common.However, both Mozart and Beethoven harbor certain differences that emanate from their different personalities and perspectives in music. All these similarities and differences fall within the wider framework of their musical careers, experiences and musical styles of composition. Work Cited Brown, P. The Musical Times: Mozart and Beethoven. Cambridge: CUP 2007 Lancaster, E. The Golden Age of Symphony: Mozart and Beethoven. London: Alfred Music Publishing 2000 Pestelli, G. The Age of Mozart and Beethoven. Harvard: HUP 1984 Wallace, R. Classical Equilibrium in Music. Oxford: OUP 2009

Mattel and Toy Safety Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mattel and Toy Safety - Research Paper Example Toy safety is a kind of regulation based practice by which a regulating body of a country ensures the safety of the kids from the harm generated by using unsafe products. There are certain potential hazards which can cause harm to the kids such as ingestion of the magnetic toys, the presence of small parts of the toy, sharp parts of the toy and use of the chemical substance. To ensure the product safety, the regulating institutions set different standards which need to be maintained by the toy makers. This is done to eliminate the accidents that can cause injury to the kids. A few of the regulating bodies include the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Toy Industry Association and International Center for Corporate Accountability (ICCA). By the period of 2000, China had become the leader in the world in respect of toy production. Until the time of 2007, 80 percent of the toys coming to the US were manufactured in China. Mattel produced 65 percent toys in China. One of the primary reasons behind this is definitely cheaper human resources. For the cost minimization perspective, Mattel delivers its most of the demands through the manufacturing head present in China but owing to the corruption of a few subcontractors in China it created a major obstacle for the company in terms of its goodwill by a considerable extent. Noticeably, it can be highlighted that Mattel has achieved various awards rendered by a few of the well-known organizations such as World’s Most Ethical Companies 2013 by Ethisphere Institute, Fortune’s 100 Best Companies to Work For and CR Magazine’s 100 Best Corporate Citizens 2012. These recognitions have increased the company’s goodwill (Schmidt, 2008).     Mattel’s Social Responsibility and Ethicalness towards the Safety of Its Toys Mattel has been recognized as one of the most ethical along with so cially responsible organizations but in relation to the issue of product recall it violated the child safety norms thus, it can be termed guilty and socially irresponsible. Acting Chairman of Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Thomas Moore stated: â€Å"This penalty should serve notice to toy makers that CPSC is committed to the safety of children, to reducing their exposure to lead, and to the implementation of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act" (CNN Money, 2009). Each and every organization works for its profit and sales maximization. Its motive is to survive in the market but it always needs to maintain certain rules and regulations with regard to its safety of products during its manufacturing process. In the year of 2007, Mattel recalled nearly 20 million Chinese manufactured toys after violating the safety norms.  

Mass customization needs to go beyond technology Essay

Mass customization needs to go beyond technology - Essay Example Concerning the preparation for the mass customization, the author notes that it is a process that involves the production side and supply-chain vantage point. Some of the aspects that the author has touched in regard to the preparation for the mass customization is the organizational transformation. Some of the aspects that the article presents that guides the preparation for the mass customization include; modular design, the level of the mass customization, and among others. In conclusion, the article notes that the issue of the mass customization is the one that requires â€Å"careful preparation in every stage the supply chain and also enriching buying experience of the customers†. The author concludes by saying that the changing markets are the principal guidance for the mass customization. With the increasing population in the world, the market is no longer homogenous and stable. The idea of the mass customization, therefore, seems as the best solution to these challenges. The article has a particularly perfect managerial implication in that it has discussed the need for the mass customization of the products. In particular interest, the article has used the painting industry in India to discuss how the customization of the products for the individual customers can lead to the customer satisfaction. This is particularly true because in the changing trends around the world there is a need for the managers/organizations to ensure that the varied needs of the customers are met through mass customization.

Broken Windows Style Policing Research Proposal

Broken Windows Style Policing - Research Proposal Example In order to control and bring communal harmony in communities police are using approaches like the "broken windows policing", order maintenance policing. The study aims to highlight the appropriateness of use of approaches like these towards crime reduction. Research Methodology: In order to conduct the study, research methods such as Survey and Experimentation were used. Survey method is used primarily on the primary data to collect vital information directly from the stake holders (in this case the criminals and convicts) by using direct questionnaire. Experimentation approach is used to observe the relation between the variables and how they are getting affected by changes caused in any one of them. The identified problem in the present case is High crime rate. To facilitate researcher, we need to define the problem clearly, In order to define the identified problem precisely, we normally use exploratory studies, the two important techniques in exploratory studies are secondary data analysis and Pilot studies. Exploratory Study: These are "insights gathered through secondary data possibly from experts" (Business Research Methods, P.34, 35, ICFAI Press Publication). In this case the insights are gathered from Retired police officials, Journalists, writers, articles relating to crime etc. These inputs are gathered to add depth to the study. Pilot Studies: "A Pilot study is an informal way of gathering necessary information from reliable sources" (Business Research Methods, P.34, 35, ICFAI Press Publication). General enquiries carried out in the neighborhoods regarding crime rate in the area and social control measures adapted, use of broken windows policing yielded necessary information. Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis: The impact of broken windows style policing is positive and is suitable for a longer run. Alternative Hypothesis: The impact of broken windows style policing is negative and is not suitable for a longer run. Defining the variables: Dependent variables: In this case the dependent variable is the high crime rate and this variable is metric in nature, measurable. Independent variables: All the factors affecting or causing an influence on the crime rate, such as drunkenness, selling drugs, turnstile jumping etc are independent in nature and are quantifiable, hence metric in nature. Multiple regression is used sine both the variables are metric. Unit of Analysis: Here the unit of analysis is the high crime rate. Sampling Technique Inorder to define sample and type of sample to be chosen I have defined the population from which the sample is chosen. Population: The population consists of number of recorded criminals in city as per the city

Mill's Utilitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Mill's Utilitarianism - Essay Example According to Daniel Bonevac, another implication of utilitarianism is universalism: people should mind the consequences of choices on everyone it affects. We should not consider ourselves, or simply our friends, or community members; we must consider everybody in the society. It is fortunate that most decisions made affect a portion of citizens; this will deny others the pleasure to enjoy the freedom they have. In as much as some pleasures were not intrinsically more valuable than others, nevertheless, utilitarianism would not be â€Å"a pig philosophy† – â€Å"you’d rather be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied†; the use and development of our higher facilities would be virtuous solely by virtue of their benefits to other people. Mill argues that â€Å"Pleasure vary in quality as and at the same time quantity.† Mill stresses that the principle of utility justifies the right actions (Bonevac, Daniel, and Phillips 177). It tries explainin g what makes them right. But the principle does not have to be conscious motive. Tarrant contends that Mill’s radical ideology on education, laudable in themselves are not unswerving with his utilitarianism since in differentiating between lower and higher pleasures, and in Mill’s argument that the higher pleasure are more desirable, he (Mill) is forced to appeal to non-utilitarian values. In the article, T. G. Miles attempts to criticize Tarrant’s argument against Mill. Mill’s defense of higher pleasure preference is undermined in two forms; firstly, because introduces a different value besides happiness, called dignity, and send, because Mill introduces the phrase ‘content,’ which according to Tarrant considers to be ‘a correlate of dignity and a function of the higher pleasure’ and construes as intended stand for â€Å"the sensation attended upon the satisfaction of the desire for higher pleasures’ (Pojman, Louis, and James, 320). Not only is Mill playing up and down between

Service Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Service Marketing - Research Paper Example In service industry Customer experience in service industry on the other hand is a very important factor. Service industry directly deals with the customers. Unlike other industries service industry has more exposure towards the customers. The start to end process of the service industry deals with the customers and is dependent on their experience. Service industries mainly position themselves as alternatives to make the life of the customers easier and happy. Their advertisements and promotions are all centered around the customer’s convenience on availing the services. Most services availed by customers are for luxury or leisure purpose and the performance of such services are completely dependent on the experience the customer has throughout the process. Being aware of the customer’s need and providing them with it is a key factor in service industry. Established players like the Hilton group of hotels, The Marriott group and all the privately run hospitals are awar e of the direct impact of customer experience on their business. A single customer having a bad experience with their service can cause them lose many potential customers (Goodman, 2009, p.16). Concept of Customer Experience The level of interaction which an organization develops with its customer profile helps in the development of the concept of customer experience. An enhanced understanding of the concept includes the involvement of several parameters. Parameters studied involve the operational aspects of the companies, the different senses which the company’s operation evokes and the emotional aspect adhered to the products and services produced by the company. Further analysis shows that the level of customer experience developed in an organization depends on the level of interaction of consumers with the elements like people, different processes, cultural parameters, technological and other resources, and other strategies devised by the company in gaining more revenues and market share. The same can be diagrammatically represented as follows. The study of the concept of customer interaction in regards to companies gains importance owing tom certain reasons. Firstly the enhancement of customer interaction helps in the development of a long standing relationship between the people and the organization. Secondly the customers through such enhanced interaction tend to develop a strong liking for the products and services of the company and thereby enhance the parameter of loyalty. Thirdly this process helps the organization in augmenting the value of the offerings rendered in regards to the customers (Shaw, 2005, p.51, 56). Figure 1 (Source: Shaw, 2005, p.51) Customer Experience in Service Organizations The level of customer experience in regards to service organizations can be studied along the following parameters. Customers experience in regards to service organizations involves the direct interaction of the consumers with the pattern of service of ferings rendered by the service industries. From the viewpoint of the service industries it also aims to study the aspect which the service organizations generally take in dealing with its effective customers. The experiences which the customer gains of the organizational service are thereby studied mainly along two sets. Firstly the experience which the custome

Conversation between countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conversation between countries - Essay Example People adhering to cosmopolitanism and its different ideas are known as cosmopolites. Kwame Anthony Appiah uses the term â€Å"cosmopolitanism† to describe people with different abilities, who come from different backgrounds to get along with each other in a globalized and deeply connected world, an ability he likens to having conversations. Appiah also discusses cosmopolitanism as a rubric for social change, where the practice of people getting along together, conversing, is a more effective agent for change than reason or arguments. He writes, â€Å"Conversations across boundaries of identity; whether national, religious, or anything else, begin with the sort of imaginative engagement you get when you read a novel or watch a movie or attend to a work of art that speaks from some place other than your own† From the context in question about the subject matter being the dispute of the Diaoyu islands.US senator John McCain accused china for encroaching on Japanese territ ory claiming that â€Å"Diaoyu is Japanese territory† this statements have elicited mixed reactions from different quarters on the issue, with, the Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson stating that these islands are Chinese territory and those claiming it are unwarranted to do so. The Chinese has called upon United Nations officials to halt their irresponsible remarks to prevent the situation from escalating any further. According to Kwame’s cosmopolitanism concept, is a critic of boundaries and claims we should abandon these boundaries and live like the citizens of the world. The islands dispute is a pointer that indeed Kwames argument is valid as this can stop the crisis on boundaries like the one on Diaoyu islands. It stated that these islands are part of the Chinese territory from historical maps and scientific data and it is evident that it was Chinese territory. Kwameh states that â€Å"There’s a sense in which the concept is not of the answer but of the problem† (15). Thus cosmopolitanism by itself is not a solution but it’s that aspect of people understanding each other. Conversation doesn’t have to lead to an agreement or consensus about anything or everything, especially not values; it’s enough that it helps people get used to one another (30). In line with the United Nations convention on the law of the sea Chinas possession of the island is indisputable. This casts a lot of doubt on the Japanese siege of the island and on grounds of its strategic location. But even more inviting is the involvement of the United States in the whole dispute it’s thus seen as the US is having a hand on the claims by Japan bearing in mind their close ties. The dispute finds the U.S in a closed fit due to its foreign policy to strategies though; it has overtime maintained an unbiased position. So as not to provoke China’s claim of the island; this again brings to the foe kwamehs’s principle of global ization. It shows how boundaries can lead to more conflicts bearing in mind the two nations are super powers. Appiah admits that conversation about boundaries may be delightful or vexing (19). Vexing is the core thing in this context where this dispute can potentially lead to a big diplomatic row among the states involved. Though on a greater probe its evident Mc Cain’s statements are to serve his own interest by settling political scores back home in America. This brings attention to kwamehs claim when he quotes that; what

Methods Of Educational Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methods Of Educational Research - Essay Example Questionnaire Questionnaires are defined as formulated questions that are structured for collecting primary data. These questions are written down for the respondent to provide answers. Questionnaires are also defined as techniques in which different people are supposed to answer the same questions (Beiske, 2007). Researchers should be extremely careful before creating questioners. This is because, questionnaires can be written in understandable English but they are not sufficient for providing the needed data. When a questionnaire is well premeditated, it induces the respondents to give correct and accurate information. Questioners are used for inducting the respondent, thus they come up with new theories. Questionnaires use open-ended questions that explore substantive areas. Some researchers use questionnaires as methods of obtaining reliable information. This is accomplished through deductive approach for testing other theories. Questionnaires help researchers to use deductive or inductive approach or even a combination of the two approaches. Three types of questions are available to the researcher when using questionnaires (Boyce, & Neale, 2006). There are the open-ended questions, which have a wide scope of response and they help to capture the interests of peoples answer. This type of questions does not influence the outcome of questions by deciding the possible responses. The other type of questions is the close-ended type, which are used for questions that require two different answers. The responses required are ‘yes’ or ‘no’ with the intention of making the questionnaire process easy. Strengths of Questionnaires Questionnaires allow a researcher to contact many people easily and quickly. The researcher has a chance to post questions to the group he has targeted. They are easy to create and interpret especially if close-ended questions are used (Boyce, & Neale, 2006). The respondent is left with the time consuming part of ans wering the questions but the researcher does not have this burden. Questionnaires are easily standardized because all respondents are asked the same questions. As every respondent answers the same questions, this makes the questionnaire process extremely reliable. Researchers are able to tackle embarrassing areas like sex and criminal matters more than any other method. The questionnaires can be completed in privacy, and they are anonymous. Respondents are able to answer questions honestly without being intimidated by the researcher’s presence. Limitations of Questionnaires It is difficult for the researcher to identify complex issues because of the questionnaire’s design. Even if, the researcher uses open-ended questions, the respondent will not answer the questions extensively like in other research methods (Ross, 2005). This usually limits a researcher to get detailed information. When a researcher sends postal questions, he is not sure whether the respondent will f ill in the questionnaire. For instance, when a researcher wants to gather information on women opinions, the questionnaire is not useful if answered by men. It is extremely difficult to determine whether the respondent has understood the questions when the researcher is not around. A researcher has to hope that the questions he has presented to the respondents mean the same to all respondents as they mean to him. The numbers

Is investment in green or environmentally friendly activities of Essay

Is investment in green or environmentally friendly activities of benefit to a small business - Essay Example And, a sufficient number of scholars necessitate that managers to consider the natural environment more as a subjective or a strategic problem than as an ethical or normative one (Aragon-Correa et al., 2004; Banerjee, 2001; Cordano and Frieze, 2000; Sharma, 2000). Consequently, they support a strategic mindset and approach to promote change from within the organization (Clemens, 2001). For SMEs, it is in their organizational interests to pursue such environmental policies that make them a responsible part of the environmentally responsible organizations; more importantly, the SMEs do not exist always to be identified with this term, they need growth and economic prosperity on a very strong footing; their entire future growth is largely associated with their current outlook seen and observed by the stakeholders; they need to invest in environmentally friendly activities. However, it is and will not be an easy task for SMEs as they face many problems such as limited financial resources , under-developed organisational structure, raw management style and so on are those factors that do not help SMEs to introduce a positive outlook denoting them as ‘an environmentally friendly entity.’ In the subsequent parts of this paper, first, it is argued for the topic and followed by argued against the topic; subsequent to that a conclusion is provided. Every organization always wants to grow particularly SMEs. And, nowadays, growth requires more social and environmental investment as a way to promote their name as an environmentally friendly entity. Most of the larger organizations have been enjoying growth in their net profit figures by providing the annual Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports along with their annual reports. In these reports, they account for such economic, social and environmental investment either that have been

Reasons for Colonization in Archaic Greece Essay Example for Free

Reasons for Colonization in Archaic Greece Essay The Greek Archaic Period (800-500 BCE) is known predominately for the establishment and development of individual city-states (poleis) within the country, as well as the colonisation movement which lead to an expansion in Greek land ownership throughout the Mediterranean region. This essay will discuss the reasons for and changes caused by colonisation, as well as the impact it had on militia warfare and how it aided the rise of tyranny. Firstly, after the collapse of the Mycenaean civilisation, the people of Greece formed small tribes which slowly developed into individual city-states, that is, poleis. Although each polis was separate and distinct from one another, the problem of overpopulation was inevitability encountered by the nation as a whole as it caused a shortage of land, familial disputes and social unrest. Leaders of each polis therefore decided to establish colonies in unclaimed or unoccupied land throughout the Mediterranean. Additional reasons for colonisations include rivalry between political groups, a desire for adventure, banishment of citizens and the search for trading ventures. Moreover, colonisation resulted in cultural integration, and at times amalgamation, between Greek and native culture. Local artistic characteristic were used in conjunction with traditional Greek style in the creation of pottery, jewellery and armour. Colonisation also resulted in inharmonious relations between local inhabitants however, with many natives being enslaved after their land was conquered. Another consequence of colonisation was the introduction of coinage as a means of exchange between different colonies and countries. Although this invention helped advance trading activities, it had profusely negative effects on the lower-class of Greek society who were exploited through their rich counterparts as a result of hoarding, high credit rates and the severity of the law in regards to debt repayment. Furthermore, as an effect of increased trade and economic prosperity, richer poleis’ replaced traditional methods of hand-to-hand combat with a new form of warfare – a mass phalanx of heavily armed soldiers or hoplites. Middle-class citizens could afford to provide or sell better quality armour and weaponry for their armies who depended on discipline and effective cooperation to win battles. An additional impact on military warfare through colonisation was an improvement in military strategies through the use of slaves. For examples, atives that had been captured and subjugated by the Greeks could be used in warfare as â€Å"light-armed men† (Tyrataeus, â€Å"Fragment 10†, l 67) to aid in battle. Finally, colonisation aided in the rise of tyranny in several ways. After the introduction of coinage, economic changes within the polis took place with rich merchants and traders forming the new wealthy commercial and industrial class. However, despite their financial status, these citizens were being kept out of political power by the eupatridae (well-born aristocrats). Widespread public dissatisfaction with the existing aristocratic elites resulted in their power being challenged and eventually overthrown by a tyrant – a popular member of the middle class with military support who then ruled over the polis. In conclusion, colonisation during the Greek archaic period resulted in many political, social and economic changes, enabling Greece to transform from a primitive agricultural economy to one of extreme power and influence based on trade, industry and money.

Crohns Disease: Treatment, Causes and Symptoms

Crohns Disease: Treatment, Causes and Symptoms Introduction    As part of this communications portfolio is to discuss, explore and compile a report on a topic of our choice. This report will be about Crohns Disease. Terms of Reference In this report research was carried out on Crohns Disease. This report will explore and explain what the: Definition of Crohns Disease is. Types of Crohns Disease. Causes of Crohns Disease are. Signs and Symptoms of Crohns Disease. Diagnosis of Crohns Disease. Diet for Crohns Disease. Treatments used for Crohns Disease. Methology This report will be complied by using secondary research methods, such as the internet, books, newspapers and class notes. Findings Definition of Crohns Disease Crohns Disease is chronic inflammatory bowel disease also known as IBD. It causes inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhoea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition. www.mayoclinic.org Crohns disease was named after an American Gastroenterologist Dr. Burrill Crohn, who first described the disease in 1932. Crohns Disease can affect any part of the digestive tract but is most commonly found in the small intestine and the colon. Someone is usually diagnosed with Crohns Disease before they are 30years of age but anyone can be diagnosed at any age. Causes of Crohns Disease The cause for Crohns Disease was unknown until recent. A Professor in London has recently linked the bacteria MAP (Mycobacterium avium patrauberculosis) which is found in the stomachs of cattle, pigs and sheep to Crohns Disease and thinks mostly the cause of some peoples Crohns Disease. Before this it was thought to be diet and stress related but these factors only aggravate the disease but are not the cause. It is possible that a virus or bacteria may trigger the disease. And in some cases it can be heredity. In mild forms it causes small shallow crater-like areas called aphtous ulcers and they develop in the inner surface of the bowel. In some more serious cases of Crohns Disease they are deeper and larger ulcers and they cause scarring and stiffness sometimes resulting in narrowing of the bowel. Some risk factors for the disease can be your age, most people with the disease before they are 30years of age. Non-steroidal anti-flammatory medication such as ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac sodium they do not cause Crohns disease but they can lead to inflammation of the bowel and make the disease worse. Where you live can be a risk factor, people who live in an urban area or in an industriesed country are more likely to develop the disease. A diet high in fats or refined foods plays a role in Crohns Disease. Signs Symptoms of Crohns Disease Crohns Disease signs and symptoms usually develop gradually and often get worse over a period of time. It is very rare for the symptoms to develop suddenly and dramatically but it is possible in some people, and other people may have no signs or symptoms.  Ã‚   When the disease is active some of the signs and symptoms can include: Diarrhoea Fever Abdominal pain cramps Fatigue Blood in your stool Weight loss Loss of appetite Mouth sores Perianal disease Feeling that your bowel is full even after bowel movement Feeling a frequent need to have a bowel movement Some people often mistake these symptoms for food poisoning or an upset stomach. All these symptoms become more severe as the disease progresses. Crohns Disease may lead to more complications in someones health such as, bowel obstruction, ulcers, fistulas, anal fissure, malnutrition, colon cancer and many more. More server signs and symptoms people may experience would be: Inflammation of skin, eyes and joints Inflammation of the liver or bile ducts Delayed growth or sexual development in children Diagnosing Crohns Disease Your GP will ask you questions about the pattern of the signs and symptoms relating to Crohns Disease and see if there are any contributing causes such as, diet, recent travel, any medication you may be on and family history.   A number of tests may be carried out by your doctor before making a diagnosis of Crohns Disease. The tests and procedures would include: A blood test Stool sample Colonoscopy examine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan Computerised Tomography (CT) scan Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Capsule Endoscopy Small bowel enema Diet Recommended for Crohns Disease Changing your diet can help reduce the recurrence of the symptoms and lessen the severity but for someone who suffers with Crohns Disease it is recommended to: Adjust their fibre intake but this is not always the case, some people a high fibre diet can aggravate their GI tract and if this happens they will need to swap to a low-residue diet. Limit their fat intake because Crohns disease can affect their bodys ability to breakdown and absorb fat and the excess fat will pass from their small intestine to their colon resulting in diarrhoea. Limit their dairy intake because having dairy can cause an upset stomach, cramps and diarrhoea for most people with the disease. Drink plenty of water to help their body stay hydrated because of the diarrhoea the body may be losing water their body needs. They need to consider alternative sources of vitamins and minerals because Crohns Disease can affect their ability to absorb nutrients from their food properly and they would need to find multivitamins that would suit them. Their doctor would also refer them to a dietician or nutritionist to help create a well-balanced diet to suit them. Treatment and Drugs for Crohns Disease For Crohns Disease there is no cure available at the minute but in 5years time there will be a cure available to people for Crohns disease because a Professor called John Hermon-Taylor in St. Georges Hospital London has developed a vaccine, and it has been tested successfully on animals and is in the second stage trials now. In the next 3years they will be ready to test it on humans. But treatments and drugs available now to help ease and control Crohns Disease are: Anti-inflammatory drugs Immune system suppressors Antibiotics Over the counter medications Some doctors may recommend a special diet to be given through a tube or nutrients given into the vein. And if diet and lifestyle changes and medication dont help he may recommend surgery on the damaged part of the intestine and reconnect the healthy sections, although this does not cure the disease it can just stops it temporarily. Conclusion In my conclusion I learned that Crohns Disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease and it is also known as IBD. I now know that Crohns disease is named after Dr. Burrill Crohn. I learned that a Professor in London called John Hermon-Taylor linked MAP which is found in the stomach of cattle, sheep and pigs to Crohns Disease and there will be a cure ready to be given in 5years. I learned that some people often mistake the signs and symptoms for food poisoning or an upset stomach. I learned what the test and procedures involved to diagnose someone with Crohns Disease, and what diet is recommended for someone with the disease but this does not always help in some cases. Recommendations I would recommend that everyone who has been having signs and symptoms like the ones listed above should go and get checked by a doctor and would also recommend that they be tested for MAP. Bibliography http://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease 24/08/16 17:17 http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2866 24/08/16 18:05 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/definition/con-20032061   24/08/16 18:45 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/symptoms/con-20032061  Ã‚   24/08/16 18:57 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/risk-factors/con-20032061  Ã‚  Ã‚   24/08/16 19:16 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/complications/con-20032061  Ã‚   25/08/16 16:35 http://crohnsmapvaccine.com/vaccine/   25/08/16 18:47 Images got from google image Impact of Federalism on Free Speech | Proposal Impact of Federalism on Free Speech | Proposal Thesis statement: Throughout the years, the legislatures assurance of the right to speak freely has been giving Americans voices and the privilege to be heard without dread of discipline, be that as it may, the right to speak freely simply like anything can be mishandled and used to damage individuals, not simply in federalism but rather through common freedoms and social equality too. Introduction Freedom of Speech is not as free The Bill of Rights was established in 1789. Answer the questions: How does Federalism affect really affect freedom of speech? Are Americans really free to speak what they think? Discuss the positive impacts of federalism, civil rights, and civil liberties whether it is positive or negative on freedom of speech. Main Point 1: Positive and Negative impacts of federalism on Freedom of speech. Looking at freedom of speech in a positive light it is a gift to all Americans. To be able to have the ability to speak freely without the burden of consequences and punishment is something not even the rest of the world has the ability to do. One positive impact of federalism regarding freedom of speech is Democracy. Freedom of Speech is seen as a basic right that many consider fundamental to the continued health and well-being of a democracy. (Editor, 2015). Freedom of speech is an important foundation for democracy. A negative aspect of federalism regarding freedom of speech is the fact that there have been restrictions placed on freedom of speech by the government that bring the question of whether or not it is a violation of our basic constitutional rights and whether or not there is actually true freedom of speech. people who send threats to elected officials in the government can be tried and punished for their protected rights to say what they think (Editor, 2015) In some situations, speech can even constitute a crime, such as in the case of criminal threats. A criminal threat, sometimes known as the terrorist threat, malicious harassment, or by other terms, occurs when someone threatens to kill or physically harm someone else. (Theoharis, 2016). Depending on what you say it can be punishable by law. This is not total freedom of speech. These quotes are important facts because it weighs the impacts of federalism on society. Main Point 2: Positive and Negative impacts of civil rights on freedom of speech. Freedom of speech played an important positive role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s The First Amendment played a crucial role in the epic struggles of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s, when Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and countless others engaged in sit-ins, protests, marches and other demonstrations to force social change. (Hudson, 2002) Freedom of speech allowed protesters of this time to speak up on injustices and civil rights violation. Civil rights have a negative effect on freedom of speech through the extremists who over express their distaste on matters they believe is in direct violation of their civil rights. The number of hate groups operating in the United States soared in 2015, according to a recently released report from the Southern Poverty Law Center, which monitors extremist activity. (Kaplan, 2016) The rise in extremist activity due to the confederate flag issue and police brutality have had a direct impact on how people use their freedom of speech to fight the belief that civil rights are being violated. Main Point 3: Positive and Negative impacts of Civil liberties on freedom of speech Freedom of expression is a crucial civil liberty given to Americans that positively impact their social environment. The Freedom of Speech allows you the protected right to let others know what you think. From minor to major points, the Freedom of Speech will mean that even if people do not like what you say, you can still say it without risking fines and even jail time. People have the right to express themselves when it comes to all kinds of avenues. One negative impact of civil liberties on freedom of speech is the fact that although freedom of expression is beneficial to the social environment it is limited by the government as well. In 1912, feminist Margaret Sanger was arrested for giving a lecture on birth control. (American Civil Liberties Union, 2016) Although people may take certain standpoints based on their beliefs, their right to express those beliefs have not always been allowed. Conclusion Freedom of speech is not totally free, as seen in federalism, civil liberties, and civil rights, there is always a stipulation or limit to what we can say and when we can say it. References   American Civil Liberties Union. (2016). Freedom of Expression. Retrieved May 30, 2016, from ACLU: https://www.aclu.org/freedom-expression-0 Editor, C. (2015, June 28). 5 Essential Pros and Cons of Freedom of Speech. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from NLCATP: http://nlcatp.org/5-essential-pros-and-cons-of-freedom-of-speech/ Hudson, D. L. (2002, September 16). Civil rights First Amendment. Retrieved May 30, 2016, from Assembly Reaseach, Freedom of Assembly: http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/civil-rights-first-amendment Kaplan, M. (2016, February 2). US Hate Groups Rise In 2015: Immigration, Black Lives Matter, Confederate Flag Debates Fuel Extremism, Report Finds. Retrieved May 30, 2016, from International Business Times: http://www.ibtimes.com/us-hate-groups-rise-2015-immigration-black-lives-matter-confederate-flag-debates-fuel-2310645 Theoharis, M. (2016). Criminal Threats. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from Nolo: http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/crime-penalties/federal/criminal-threats.htm What are the Impacts of the UK Recession? What are the Impacts of the UK Recession? The UK economy is in recession. What does this mean for everyone? As the economic forecast for the UK grows increasingly gloomy, it seems the recession that was once described as â€Å"looming† or â€Å"forthcoming† is now being qualified as â€Å"current† and â€Å"present†. Commonly associated with increased unemployment, lower inflation and slumped housing markets, a recession does not only represent a thorn in the flesh of the Government and large corporations, but is a term capable of sending shivers down the spine of an entire nation. But what exactly constitutes a recession and why are we so fearful of them? Economists are at odds with each other when it comes to settling on a single definition. While some analysts use population growth as a yardstick and others take unemployment rates into account, everyone is in agreement that an economy is deemed to be in recession when it experiences a period of sustained decline. In other words, when the total measure of goods and services produced by a country, or GDP, is se en to contract for two successive quarters, it is said to be in recession. The extent of the recession depends on the duration of this contraction. If GDP rebounds after two quarters of negative growth, the recession can be described as mild. However, should the decline in economic activity persist, the recession becomes full-blown. Guided by the above definition, it is impossible to say how long the current economic downturn in the UK will last or even whether the country is in recession for certain. The Office for National Statistics publishes estimate values for GDP on a quarterly basis. These figures are later confirmed and sometimes need to be revised. For example, GDP values for the last six months of 2008 will not be official until 2009. This explains the Government’s reluctance to use the term â€Å"recession† when referring to the economic slowdown. Not all commentators share the same hesitancy. Bodies such as the European Commission and the Organisation for E conomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have predicted that the UK economy will shrink in the second half of this year. Technicalities notwithstanding, the UK economy is certainly showing signs of deceleration. It appears that recession is not only inevitable but already upon us. Before considering the implications of this negative growth for the average consumer, let us first examine how it impacts the economy as a whole. Few businesses are immune from the effects of fluctuating tax, interest and unemployment rates. Trends in these areas reflect the state of the economy at present and can also provide a good indication of what to expect in the future. Some of the predominant characteristics of the current economic situation are as follows: Falling share prices One of the first areas of to be hit in times of crisis is the stock market. It is liable to react badly purely in anticipation of an economic slowdown. Because recessions are generally synonymous with reduced profitability, this means that people are less inclined to invest in dividends, therefore lowering the value of shares. Shortage of credit Still reeling from subprime mortgage financial crisis, many banks in the UK have been forced to reduce the availability of credit. When money is lent, it is at an increased rate. This means that it is more difficult for mortgage applications to be approved. Fewer mortgages lead to a reduced number of house being sold, resulting in a depressed housing market. Equally harmful is the effect of more stringent lending conditions on consumer confidence. With less equity at their disposal, consumers are less likely to spend, further damaging the economy. Higher unemployment In a tougher economic climate, businesses are often forced to shed employees in order to survive. As inflation decreases due to a lack of demand, those who succeed in retaining their position may be forced sacrifice a pay rise. It can take longer for the effects of a recession to filter down to the jobs market. Unfortunately, high unemployment rates can linger for an extended period once economic growth has been restored. Increased Government borrowing Job losses and failing businesses will entail a loss of revenue for the Treasury in terms of income tax and corporation tax. In a bid to recover from these losses by stimulating the sluggish economy, the Government will often lower taxes and interest rates. The added strain of increased spending on unemployment benefits, not to mention the part-nationalisation of several of the countries largest banks, will also increase the need to borrow money. In order to recuperate, taxes and interest rates typically rise again and can remain high after the recession has passed. Regardless of whether you are directly affected by the factors listed above, the fact remains that the economic health of the country will influence the financial stability of the entire population. Indeed consumers are already feeling the squeeze. Pension funds and investment schemes linked to the FTSE 100 have suffered huge devaluations, car sales have plummeted, more people are competing for fewer jobs and food and fuel prices are on the up. This tougher economic environment does not only hit bank balances, but also has a psychological impact on the nation. The failure and subsequent bailout of some of the countries largest banks seriously dented consumers’ trust in the financial system and led people to question whether their money was secure. These doubts are further disseminated by the media, as audiences are bombarded with reports painting a gloomy picture of the economy, culminating in an even bigger blow to consumer confidence. As a result, many people adopt a more ca utious approach to spending, ultimately to the detriment of the financial system thus fuelling economic decline and driving the belief that fear of recession is a self-fulfilling prophecy. On a more optimistic note, some experts claim that a recession can in fact benefit the economy in that it forces companies to become more efficient and weeds out failing business. However this will come as little comfort to the average consumer, struggling to emerge from the shadow of uncertainty that recession casts over their finances.

Comparison of Tesco and Oxfam

Comparison of Tesco and Oxfam FINDINGS: I have chosen two contrasting organizations TESCO and Oxfam. Tesco is a shopping mart where we can purchase our essential things. It can also be define as a global grocery and general merchandising vendor headquartered in UK. Sir Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919, when he began to sell extra food stuff from a stall in the East End of London. Tesco first appeared above a shop in Edgware in 1929 and since then the company has grown and developed. Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world measured by income Tesco private limited corporation (PLC) is the biggest super mart in UK which has 29% of shares in market compared to other companies like asda which has 17% shares in market. PLC private limited company and dont allow its shares for sale publically. Plc company makes profit more than public companies. A Plc company has no limits of share and share capital and there is no limit to the members liability because there is no limitation on members liability Purpose of Tesco is to make money and invest and sale quality products. And provide reliable materials to consumers. Why do Tesco exist? Tesco exist to provide the goods and services that people and earning money and profits from business .it provides jobs for people the Tesco provides daily need products . Products that customers demand like food, clothes, Home electircs,Sound and vision ,Bed and bath, Furniture and kitchen, Clothing and jewellery, Toys and gift, Baby and toddlers, Garden needs. Products and services supplied at profit, at cost and below cost. Tesco is getting profit by introducing new brands and also selling goods at lease.tehy are getting profit on products by supplying them to other countries and at whole sale. They can sell products by introducing off packages to customers at low prices for a specific duration which means to make them as a regular customers to gain profit in future. And also out of seasons sale which shows selling at low cost. Objectives of TESCO are as tesco is UKs finest food retailers having 519 stores in England, Wales, and Scotland. And 105 stores in France managed by wine producer and 44 in Hungary managed by international. Tesco offers best reasonable prices. Tesco meets the need of customers opinions regarding advance product quality, choice, store facilities and service Tesco is the main profitable investment with progressive return. Tesco is introducing young talents and sound management of workers and training practices and giving job on marit basis not by personal relations.Tesco maintaining its relationships with product makers supplier on quality and price criteria. Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry. also Providing good environment and protection. Ownership can be defined as Employee or executive who has the principle responsibility for a business, or project The public sector in this type of ownership only British people can get ownership in Tesco to gain profit. Sole Traders controlled and financed by one person. Least expensive form of ownership to organize. Sole proprietors receive all income generated by the business to keep or reinvest. Partnerships contains 2 -20 members who share their assets and profits from business. Public Limited Companies (PLCs) shares to the general public it contains Minimum of 2 but no maximum number of shareholders Private Limited Companies contains financed and controlled by between 2 and 50 shareholders. Franchises .A business which has bought the right to trade under established name in different cities.e.g McDonalds, KFC. Co-operatives it contains Groups of people who enter business and share the benefits customers Co-operatives, Producer Co-operatives, Worker Co-operatives. Charitable trust for helping famines and collect funds from rich .and also receives funds from GOVT. OXFAM It is a trouble reliever organization which includes 14 countries organization with 3,000 partners in around 100 countries to decrease poverty and injustice .It can be define as an International organization which helps and provide training and financial aid to people in developing countries and disaster areas. A UK based organization which was established in the 1942. Oxfam is campaigns, development program and emergency response by co operation of internationally connected associations. Oxfam international was formed in 1995 by an independent non government organization. Development Works with local partner organization And helps poor and poverty. And realizing People Their rights e.g. education, health Emergency Oxfam provides life saving aids during Emergency and help people for Future Crises Campaigning Putting the pressure on leaders to make long lasting change Oxfam International is group of 13 independent association contains Germany Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, , Great Britain, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Ireland, The Netherlands, Quebec, Spain and the United States. Why Oxfam exist? Oxfam exists to make a global impact on the causes of poverty. Today mostly countries areas are facing problems and Oxfam is the most efficient organization to help them. Campaign initiatives, planning and putting into practice new tactics and strategies to spread climate change.oxfam is trying to make relationships globally with international NGOs to develop prosperity. Objectives of OXFAM: Relieve suffering caused by natural disasters.Oxfam supports peace and understanding based upon mutual tolerance and respect. Strengthen peoples capacity to help them. Oxfam works for trade justice, fair trade, education and aid, health, HIV/AIDS, conflict ,campaigning and natural disasters, human rights, and climate change. Oxfams International purpose. The main purposes of Oxfam are Promote, assist and manage relationship between the Oxfam international to do help all disasterd people globall.and earning name at international level And removing poverty OXFAM has its committee in different countries which are as under Oxfam GB (Great Britain) .Oxfam Canada.Oxfam America. Oxfam GB (Great Britain) independent non-profit organization is the biggest family for help and has large capacity of workers and income for famines . In UK OXFAM GB was originated in 1942. Oxfam Canada is first member of Oxfam International, and was developed in 1963.in at start Canada Oxfam faced troubles soon Canada began to analyse its role in the development process. OXFAM in AMERICA an independent non-profit organization was developed in America in 1970 and fight for independence and shelter. Advantages of Oxfam are they dont have to pay tax. they get ready to help other. they receive money from businessman and Government. TESCO Stakeholder Stakeholder can be defined as a person, group or organization that has direct and indirect position in organization. It is affected by organizations rules, polices and decisions. Tesco has many stakeholders. Government, Customers, Employees, Local Community, Suppliers, and Pressure Groups: they all have equal importance in building of Tesco Customers. Usually a customer wants quality goods at a low cost. They would also want a variety of products to choose from key holders Diagram of stakeholder in organization Supplier Owners Government Creditors Customer Directors Workers Community Unions Key stakeholders in a business organization Customers. These are the people who buy products from shops and to save lives of needy people. Customers want reliable products and at low prices. Employees its how you manage in any situation; understand the customer; be first with the customer use your strength to deliver unbeatable value and look after the staff so they can look after the customer, teamwork trust and respect. Directors they are responsible for business objectives and managing all strategic decisions .director holds discussion at board meetings. Where they make strategy for improving business, Managers they are responsible for obtaining goals creating atmosphere of work among workers, each manager has handles accounting, law marketing, and sales production. Suppliers they supply products at commercial level like banking .they supply goods to different branches. Owners they are the business, assets holder, and pay the workers. Pressure groups not put up candidates for election, but seeks to influence government policy rules. Trade unions function is discuss pay and working conditions and creates discipline among workers Employee Associations they set up pay packages and employees for resolving argument. Stakeholders of Oxfam Stakeholder can be defined as a person, group or organization that has direct and indirect position in organization. It is affected by organizations rules, polices and decisions. Volunteers they are the workers who help in building Oxfams strength. Volunteering is a personal Choice, not a compulsory job. Express values in activities that are meaningful. And co operates for helping in medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Campaign supporters The Individuals, celebrities, politicians and organizations across the run campaign for collecting funds and to remove illiteracy and poverty. Individual donors this types of donors can make decisions faster, they mostly work in under developed countries to make them growing countries, and feel this easy to work alone. Donate personally money, clothes for removing poverty. Customers are the main participant in organization. They help by buying food, drinks, and also help organization by used drink bottles and wrappers for recycling and make collection for Oxfam. Without their involvement it is not possible collecting money for Oxfam. Employees they are workers of Oxfam and work in flood relieving, food preparation, palcing people in save places when they get infected. Pressure groups they help in protesting if Government is not funding properly.ank manage strike on roads, institutes, cites and encourage people for infected s help from Govt. FUNCTIONAL AREA OF TESCO Board of Directors Finance department Marketing sales department Production department Finance manager Accountant Marketing manager Area sales manager Sales staff Production manager Production supervisor Production workers Human resource department Human resource manager Clerical assistant ICT department Board of directors people are the people of tesco who have decision-making rights, voting rights specific responsibilities which in each case are separate and distinct from the authority and responsibilities of owners and managers of the business entity. Finance department is responsible of balance sheets, profit and loss of tesco and responsible to keep records of fund and all planning of Tesco financial income and loss. Finance manager duties are to make investment sheets ,financial reports, activities, and implement cash management strategies. Accountant helps managers to make reports, investments (savings), and tax implementations. Handles profit loss details, cost production, financial statements. Marketing sales department function is to understand users needs and fulfil requirements with quality of goods and also pay attention to their demands and fulfil that correctly. Sales manager Sell products and services to the customer for the profit and want to become finest retailer. They make products available for all customers. Production Tesco is to make sure that the goods of Tesco are formed on time and is in a suitable quality for the customers. And maintain furniture. Production managers duty is to handle all kind of goods preparation demands and duration when product will get ready for customers and at given time and at exact time and standard. Production workers made goods according to the user demands and works exactly in uniform way. They have to know all about wht customer wants and what kind of material should use. Human resources keep hold of good experienced staff and only choose hardworking employees and They deal with the recruitment, employees, planning, , training and paying to employees. ICT (International Computers and Tabulators) its main function is to check that all data of Tesco is stored properly. All computer software are working, all business websites are accessing.(tescopls.com) FUNCTIONAL AREA OF OXFAM Oxfam ambassadors Political counsellors Deputy Chief of mission Defence attached Economic counsellor Public affairs Chief security assistant Administrative counsellor Director Counsellor office Agency representatives Director Peace Corps Ambassadors are the highly ranked representative within a nation for other organization. and directly linked by Government. Political counsellors/ Deputy Chief of mission/ Defence attached they all are directly attached with ambassador an communicate all society problem with each other and make decisions Director is a group of people nominated by the owners of a business who have decision-making authority, voting authority specific responsibilities which in each case is separate and distinct from the authority and responsibilities of owners and managers of the business entity Deputy Chief of missionHe or she acts like a ambassador in absence of chief of mission. He handles matter in absence of chief of mission Political, Economic, Public Affairs, Management) at the Embassy,. Director Peace Corps US company that sends American volunteers to developing countries for educational, agricultural improvements. Tesco Mission and values Planning, calculating and the passing of information form rival is called mission. Tescos mission is to earn profit and sale pure goods. And to sale goods online by using website tesco.com and public dealing in good manner to make regular customers and create significance for customers to earn their lifetime reliability. Values Values of an organization defines it standards. They show Respect to each others Try to give their best. Want to be energetic and fit. Tesco strategies to become are successful international trader, to become famous business party. To be good food provider to put community at the heart of what we do. Objectives Tesco increasing customers by offering buy 1 gets 1 free. Tesco offers best reasonable prices. Tesco meets the need of customers opinions regarding advance, product quality, choice, store facilities and service Tesco is the main profitable investment with progressive return. Tesco is introducing young talents and sound management of workers and training practices and giving job on merit basis not by personal relations. Tesco maintaining its relationships with supplier (product makers) on strict quality and price criteria.Tesco is co operating on making of food in industry. Provides good environment and protection Strategic Planning Tesco is trying to make shopping easy and comfortable. Seeking to low price to help people Lessing prices. Smart objectives of Tesco Specific Tesco wants to make profit its sale. Measurable Tesco is leading in business by its major shares in market. Achievable Tesco achieve its goal by increasing its customers and making profits. Tesco has achieved it by good quality products. Realistic Tesco is third big company in world. OXFAM Mission It acts for attitudinal change to facilitate in development, socially and economically. It helps famine and giving life to them. Values satisfactory behavior within organization. Behavior of individuals within the organization. And Flexible commitment. Use time and resources efficiently Strategic aims and objectives Oxfam works for trade justice, fair trade, education and aid, health, HIV/AIDS, conflict ,campaigning and natural disasters, human rights, and climate change. and supporting children by educating them and providing food. Oxfam strategic planning process Oxfam is worlds 3rd largest nonprofit organization and Oxfam strategic planning process is to works for the removal of poverty. To fight homelessness and also for the development of undeveloped area and for progress of organization. Smart objectives of Oxfam Specific Reducing Poverty is specific objective. Measurable Oxfam is responding to 26 emergency situations worldwide. Relevant skills Oxfam is finding people who have skills to tackle problems. Time-based Oxfam includes 14 countries union working in more than 100 countries. M1 Point of Views of different stakeholders Directors the business through meetings with top managers and managing stretegies for progress of tesco.Employees should work hard on making good quality products that will make profit and also increase pay and conditions of Employees and also helpful for safety, health and pension arrangements. Customers views are to getting latest brands and saving by low price products. D1 Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in one organization Stakeholders stand for great influence in organization. Developing countries employees make fashionable clothes and brands to exert little power over their employers to give them jobs and getting new products. Owners are the organizations main stakeholders and gain profit and pays all bills and wages to workers and remain profit shares with shareholders directors pay attention to make strategy and decisions regarding organization Government influences by law rights to change behaviour of environmental or health and safety. Employees exert main role in business profit or loss. When the economy is active they work hard and make extra products. Customers also create great influence within an organization by purchasing products from store or online at low prices. Conclusion I was given an Assignment of two contrasting organizations Tesco and Oxfam. I found that both organizations are serving better in their departments and both are for people. in both organizations stake holder are more important participant because if you dont have too many stake holder and your profitable and non profitable organizations will not succeed in their missions. Recommendations I would like to recommend the both different organization one is profit gaining Tesco and nonprofits gaining Oxfam have good customer connection because Oxfam is an international charity which is focused on fighting poverty and providing them shelter.and Tesco is providing daily needs products for customers and also providing funds to Oxfoam so that they can participate in decreasing poverty. So both plays important role for customers.

Growing World of Sony Essay -- essays research papers

It’s not news that Sony is a global company or that (25%) of all Play Station profits’ for the past seven years came from Sony to Japan. After all that’s what international marketing and the global economy are all about, companies like Sega, Nintendo, Microsoft, X-Box doing business around the world. The global economy now reaches every corner of the United States. Current interest in international marketing can be explained by changing competitive structures coupled with shifts in demand characteristics in markets throughout the world. With the increasing globalization of markets, companies find they are unavoidably enmeshed with foreign customers, competitors and suppliers. A significant portion of all products made in the United States is foreign made. Japan’s economy is based on a strong work ethic and being a leader of technology, in which has helped Japan advance to the second most powerful economy in the world. One notable characteristic of the economy is the working together of manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors in closely-knit groups called keiretsu. The keiretsu, which means â€Å"order† or â€Å"system,† is a unique form of business that links companies together in industrial groups that provide Japanese business with a substantial competitive edge over non-keiretsu organizations. Keiretsus are collections of dozens of major companies spanning several industries and held together by cross-shareholding, old-boy networks, interlocking directorates, long-term business relationships, and social and historical links. There are six major Japanese industrial keiretsu groups and eleven lesser ones. Together, the sales in these groups are responsible for about 25 percent of the activities of all Japan, a nd keiretsus account for 78 percent of the value of all shares on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Japan’s industry, which is the most important sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. For three decades overall real economic growth had been one of the highest, 10% in the 1960s, 5% in the 1970s, and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in 1992-95 largely because of the aftereffects of over investment during the late 1980s. Growth picked up to 3.9% in 1996, largely a reflection of low rates of inflation. But in 1997-98 Japan experienced a recession, centered about financial difficulties in the banking system ... ...the magic and popularity behind playstaion 2, besides the Sony name, was is it’s ability to play back DVD videodiscs, and support for all types of sound hardware, including Dolby Digital and DTS, which is, used for home theater systems. These added options plus it’s ability to play back the original playstation games made it appealing to every one regardless of age. For the Kids you had the hottest new system that could also play the original play station games even faster, for the parents you had a new DVD Player. Sony’s ability to market and tailor the playstation to a wide range of consumer young and old is what but it on top of the charts. Even with the introduction of Microsoft’s XBOX and Nintendo’s game Cube this October Sony is still topping the charts this Christmas season. Sony’s has proved it’s self in the gaming world and has its consumers behind them. The strategies that Sony uses is marketing it’s playstation is not complex, Sony just uses it’s assets to find out what the consumer wants and need and then gives it them. Sony produces high quality products tailored to the need of its consumers. A simple concept that has left Sony and Playstation on top of the charts.

Aaron Copland :: essays research papers

Aaron Copland Aaron Copland was the embodiment of what a composer can hope to become. Copland was very much in touch not only with himself and his feelings, but with the audience he intended to reach. Very few composers have a concrete idea of what "types" of people they wish their music to reach. Copland was one of these few. The "Common Man" was the central part of much of his volumes of music strived to reach. Copland felt that, ". .everyone should have a chance to see things through this music. Limiting who can understand it only limits your usefulness" Throughout his 75+ years as a composer and conductor, he touched the lives and hearts of as many people as he could. Copland was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1900 to fairly affluent parents. Because of his family's financial status, he started formally training as a teen, and moved to Paris where he became the first American student of Nadia Boulanger. It was here that Copland developed much of his neo-classical style. Although he enjoyed the precise structure that Boulanger had taught him, Copland's heart was truly in creating music that people other than musicians could appreciate. It was upon his return to America in 1924 that he decided that he would write ". . .truly American music." He traveled throughout America, getting a taste of what the "common man" was listening to. During these travels he strayed into Mexico, and wrote the highly successful El Salon Mexico. A quote from the fall of 1932 sums up his intentions in writing this piece: "Any composer who goes outside his native land wants to return bearing musical souvenirs." This is exactly what he did. The piece is a lively adaptation of Frances Toor's Cancionero Mexicano, with a very loose tempo, and heavy use of the horn section. It was after the success of El Salon Mexico that Copland proceeded to produce what is now considered the epitome of "American" music. He combined his neo-classical schooling with jazz-like syncopation and a new, more "open" use of old chordal progressions. He created Billy The Kid in 1938, producing the first "Western" musical. The score achieved a remarkable balance between outright humor and pathos, and oftentimes bordered on tragic. It was this base understanding of humanity that made Copland's music what it is. Many texts also refer to a certain built in sympathy that Copland may have had for the main character, citing his homosexuality as a cause for his deep understanding of what it is to be looked down upon by society.

Private School Vouchers Essay -- essays research papers

Proposals to use private school vouchers, a marketplace strategy, as a mechanism by which to improve the general quality of public education have produced a lively debate. Frequently, that debate has degenerated into a disagreement about whether public schools are as good as private schools or whether a given private school is better than a certain neighborhood public school. Other issues raised in these discussions include the appropriate use of public funds, the role of competition in improving public education, and the right of parents to choose a school for their children. Although these issues are of interest, they are not the fundamental questions which must be raised about the future of public schools in a democracy.Two Core Issues In their rush to the marketplace, the proponents of private school choice supported by public funds have chosen to ignore two core issues. First, the advocates of private school choice studiously avoid any discussion of the relationship between pub lic schools and the common or public good in a democracy. As an example, the Governor of Wisconsin asserts that "any school that serves the public is a public school" and should therefore receive public funds through a voucher system. There is no recognition in this proposal of the distinct and unique purpose of public education in serving the public good. This rhetorical sleight-of-hand does not mean that a private school of choice becomes a public school in purpose simply by so defining it. The claim is merely a device to divert public funds for private purposes.The failure to recognize that public schools have a central responsibility in a democratic society is further evidenced by the work of John Chubb and Terry Moe, who argue that improving the efficiency and quality of public education will require the replacement of democratic governance by market mechanisms. The authors state, "The most basic cause of ineffective performance among the nation's public schools is their subordination to public authority. ... The school's most fundamental problems are rooted in the institutions of democratic control by which they are governed".Chubb and Moe deny the historic purposes of public schools when they reject the idea that educational policy should be directed by a common vision or purpose. They assert, "It should be apparent that schools have no immutab... ...t serve them simply cannot endure and thrive in a climate of economic abandonment. Private school choice is a diversion sponsored by those whose collective economic decisions have made life in our urban community a daily struggle for survival. ReferencesChubb, John E. and Moe, Terry M. Politics, Markets, and America's Schools. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1990.Elam, Stanley, M., Rose, Lowell C., and Gallup, Alec M. "The 26th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools." Phi Delta Kappan (September 1994): 41-56.Henig, Jeffrey R. Rethinking School Choice: The Limits of the Market Metaphor. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1994.Kelly, Elizabeth A. Education, Democracy, and Public Knowledge. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities. New York: Crown Press, 1991.Plank, David N. and Boyd, William Lowe. "Antipolitics, Education, and Institutional Choice: The Flight From Democracy." American Educational Research Journal (Summer 1994): 263-281.Witte, John. Third Year Report: Milwaukee Parental Choice Program. Madison, WI: Robert La Follette Institute of Public Affairs, 1993.

Apple.Inc Pros and Cons

Apple Inc. is the best in the world at innovative product development. Because the company develops hardware, software, and associated digital services rather than just focusing on one dimension, it can provide an unmatched user experience. This allows Apple to capture high margins from its products and services. But by my definition, product development is not supply chain management; procurement, manufacturing, and logistics are. That said, Apple Inc. has a fascinating supply chain that is very different from traditional supply chains.This supply chain comes with pre-built advantages and disadvantages. On the advantage side, demand management is easier. Apple doesn’t have to get the demand forecast for a new product right. As long as it underestimates demand for a hot new product, Apple will have loyal customers clamoring for the new devices and willing to wait. In fact, the projected backlog leads customers to line up for hours before stores open to buy a new product. This helps to create marketing buzz. Because Apple Inc. has become so large, it has procurement advantages smaller rivals can’t match.Financial analysts are beginning to focus on Apple’s supply chain. Samsung lost $10 billion in market value when Apple placed a huge order for flash memory with Elpida, securing more than half of that company’s supply. Apple reportedly has price advantages in securing key components, manufacturing capacity, capital equipment, and airfreight capacity. Like other companies that have huge procurement clout, when Apple asks a supplier for a price quote, it demands a detailed accounting of how the manufacturer arrived at the quote, including estimates for labor and material costs and projected profit.Manufacturers can get hit with penalties for quality issues and warranty claims. Apple is becoming so big that even though it has a number of customized components that it has to pay extra for, the company’s cost structure is starting to resemble that of some of its rivals that only source common components. But other parts of the supply chain become more difficult for a company that differentiates itself based on product excellence. Apple Inc. works to lock up the supply of key components, particularly custom components, with exclusivity agreements.This serves to protect the uniqueness of its products. In some cases, Apple invests in capital equipment to make these special components (the company lends the production equipment to its manufacturing partner). At times this production machinery becomes Apple exclusive either because of exclusivity agreements or because Apple is so large that a backlog for the equipment becomes horrifically long. Managing new product launches is also more important for a â€Å"fashion† manufacturer. The process from design to production launch typically takes 10 months. Read more about Pros and Cons Of ReligionThis includes sourcing, testing, government approvals (like FCC approval for an iPhone), and factory dry runs. For weeks prior to the launch, factories work overtime to build hundreds of thousands of devices. Then they work more overtime to clear the backlogs. According to Apple Inc. ’s supplier responsibility progress report, the company’s standard labor policy is for workers to work a maximum of 60 hours per week and to get at least one day off per week. And yet, at 93 of its suppliers, more than 50 percent of their workers exceeded these rather low limits.In fact, working conditions at Foxconn, Apple’s partner for final assembly and some core components, have been bad enough that Apple has gotten a bit of a black eye from press reports of accidents, suicides, and labor strife. While the existing customer base has largely ignored these labor relations problems, the demographics of the people that buy Apple products indic ate a concern for social responsibility. Further, the Chinese market is becoming very important to Apple, and closer Chinese governmental scrutiny could affect shipments. What is different about Apple’s launch planning is the extreme secrecy attached to it.Apple places electronic monitors in some boxes of components to track them from Apple’s headquarters in Cupertino. The goal is to discourage leaks and ensure customer delight and surprise when the products hit the market. One article claims that Apple has shipped devices in plain boxes, even tomato boxes, to avoid detection. But Apple Inc. , like many companies in the electronics industry, has a supply chain with a high-risk profile. Many of its key components come from northern Taiwan, the company sole sources several customized components, and it relies on massive factories located in Shenzhen, China for final assembly.Any sort of man-made or natural disaster at any of these sites could potentially grind Apple†™s supply chain to a halt. In conclusion, Apple Inc. ’s new CEO, Tim Cook, is a supply chain guy with a strong reputation. He is working to improve the company’s reputation for social responsibility. But if I were Apple, I’d rather have another product development guru like Steve Jobs. To drive continued growth and margins, the company needs to continue to excel at product development, but only needs to be competent in supply chain management.

DESIGNING CURRICULUM FOR THE PRESCHOOL

Main focal point of this paper will be sketching how to make a course of study that is child-centered and handles every kid ‘s demands in each and every developmental country such as physical country, emotional, creativeness and cognitive facets of kids aged 3-8 old ages old. II. The preschool educational criterions in America. A. How the criterions helps the instructors. B. Lesson Plans. C. Factors to see while planing a good course of study III. Integrating other activities such as games, tourneies and teamwork in the Curriculum. A. Choosing relevant criterions and subjects. B. Sing several thoughts when planing and be aftering larning for immature kids. C. Elementss to see while planing a good course of study. IV. Early Childhood doctrines. A. Requirements of Early Childhood Doctrines B. Research and its findings. C. Subject theoretical account. V. How to efficaciously utilize math in schoolrooms for good acquisition. VI. Decision VII. Reconfirmed Thesis: A good lineation of an educational course of study consequences to good instruction and acquisition in preschool, and managing the demands of every kid. Planing Curriculum for the Preschool The early childhood pedagogue should hold necessary accomplishments in planing course of study criterions that are based on appropriate developmental facets in a kid. It is besides imperative to hold lesson programs that meet and are guided by specific criterions of kindergarten in every province. This is because in the United States, larning in early childhood tends to vary and are distinguishable from one province to the other. However, there are common subjects that can be found among the changing early childhood acquisition criterions. In United States, preschool acquisition criterions are subdivided into developmental sensitive curricular in different facets such as linguistic communication proficiency, development in literacy facets, originative humanistic disciplines, and societal surveies. In each standard country, there are other divided criterions that are conceptualized through specific constructs and thoughts. For case, a scientific discipline topic may be sub-divided int o standard constructs such as biological science, physical scientific discipline, and environmental scientific discipline. Furthermore, these sub-divided constructs may every bit good be categorized into smaller constructs such as clime and conditions, workss and animate beings among others. Standards of Preschool or early childhood course of study should be designed in such a manner that it should integrate the diverse nature of the kids. Every kid ‘s demands should be incorporated and should non be left out in the designing of the preschool course of study. The intent of this research paper is to look into all the facets of preschool educational course of study and to convey all facets of early childhood instruction including theories, doctrines, and constructs into position. This paper gives focal point to kids aged between 3-8 old ages. The chief focal point of this paper will be sketching how to make a course of study that is child-centered and handles every kid ‘s demands in each and every developmental country such as physical country, emotional, creativeness, and cognitive facets of a kid. It is imperative to observe that many provinces in America offer thoughts in necessary illustrations and patterns that are critical in back uping each specified criterion. This is of import in assisting instructors in understanding the set criterions and transforming and interpreting it in planning of lessons. This paper imposes criterions for pre-kindergarten as a theoretical account for this paper, in making a lesson program that is standard based. It is of import to observe that lesson planning is a critical constituent in instruction in daily maps of a schoolroom. A lesson program that has a strong construction can be critical in making and prosecuting even to the toughest pupils while at the same clip giving challenges to the pupils who are most talented. A good lesson program acts as a design and sets up the foundation for educational supporters to make pupils who are characterized to hold a broad assortment of larning manners. Schools in both private and public scenes can accomplish an effectual lesson program through pattern. A good and strategic planning of a lesson can integrate contents of a simple instructor ‘s usher and thenceforth guaranting that larning for every pupil is maximized. The key to the success of be aftering a lesson purely lies in effectual action research. An effectual lesson program addresses both today ‘s high criterions and the differentiated manners of acquisition of each pupil. In making a good preschool course of study, one must first place and use the right scheme for every course of study design. Planing a course of study that incorporates direct instructions by making inquiries that are designed to take pupils through the necessary stairss that aid in content comprehension is necessary. Planing indirect instructions that guide pupils to get the hanging contents through geographic expedition of common constructs, footings, informations, and events properties. When making a course of study for preschool, it is necessary to guarantee that the course of study aids pupils in previewing, predicting, and placing relevant stuffs. Another method that can be incorporated in course of study design for preschool is grouping kids to make partnerships, which can reciprocally profit them. Theories of larning assert that kids learn efficaciously while in groups/teams. Course of study interior decorators can plan the course of study in a manner that the content command in the lessons may be through the usage of games, tourneies, and squads. When suitably applied, a good preschool course of study can do a deadening stuff to be appealing therefore doing larning for kids interesting. It is of import for instructors to set into consideration that it is non entirely a necessity to take one peculiar criterion when developing a criterion based lesson program. Choosing one criterion when developing a lesson program merely works efficaciously when developing a lesson for merely one activity. However, when developing a one-week-long subject, it is critical to use and administrate a broad scope of countries. Thereafter, an early childhood instructor should set into consideration what other contents constructs can be added every bit good. Other facets that can be included in an effectual preschool course of study may include, among others, ocular and originative humanistic disciplines, graphical designs in instance it ‘s a math lesson, fiction and non-fiction books reading on facets such as conditions or one can every bit good expression and survey maps in instances the lesson is societal surveies or geographics. This impression is in line with the behaviourist theo ry where behaviourists acknowledge the fact that acquisition is finite. They continue to asseverate that acquisition is open, discernible, and mensurable utilizing empirical methods. This aspect fronts the thought that larning is best when alterations are observed in the scholar. It is every bit of import to see several thoughts when planing and be aftering larning for immature kids. It is of import to supply activities undertakings and subjects that are suited to the age and individualised demands of each kid. Several elements can besides be put into position. Such elements include a ) . Age rightness ; the ages for the kids should be considered and incorporated into the plan. Any individual age group, for case 4 year-olds, has distinguishable demands from a group of kindergartners who have mixed age group. The course of study should be designed in such a manner that is suited for the development of each age group by offering a broad assortment of appropriate activities. Thereafter, the demands group ends should be set after measuring the demands of that peculiar age group. B ) . Individual rightness ; the early childhood instructor should believe about every kid ‘s development and focal point should be made towards these demands. It is deserving observing that theories assert that kids tend to follow similar growing forms, it is merely the clip frame for each kid that differs. Each kid ‘s involvements, his/her abilities, and background of the household should be good understood prior to run intoing the demands for each kid. Theories assert that acquisition is best when old cognition is the foundation of new information since new cognition is built on old information. Child-centered planning should be necessitated in such a manner that focal point is made on a kid ‘s mundane experiences. This will in bend imply when a kid is developing and turning more independently, so will the child become egoistic. This will in bend make the instructors to spread out learning programs, degree Celsius ) . Family and civilization ; kids should non mee t separation from household and civilization. It is of import for instructors to plan activities that are taken into consideration the wants of households and their values. It is every bit of import to affect parents in planing the curricular since different households have different ways of doing meaningful parts. However, there are households that would non wish to be involved, yet others would desire to be involved. Those that wish to be involved should non be disappointed, as they will do any necessary parts, vitamin D ) . What the instructor values as of import should be given ample considerations when planing a course of study. The instructor should analyse his/her ain involvements, his/her ain personal doctrine and he/she should non bury seting the plans philosophy into position, vitamin E ) . Passages should be effected in planing a course of study for the preschool. Factors such as the agendas for each twenty-four hours and the twenty-four hours ‘s length should impac t the designing of the course of study. Passages are times that take topographic point between different activities, which may at times interfere with the flow of drama. The course of study should avoid excessively many passages and the preschool kids should be given ample clip to be good engaged in their drama. The passages should every bit good be held swimmingly, degree Fahrenheit ) . Parents and instructors that are critical in the course of study should take subjects. Necessary subjects that are existent in a kid ‘s life should be applied. Undertakings and activities that are closely associated with a kid ‘s place environment, vicinity should be administered in the course of study. As the kid keeps on turning, so is his/her involvements, therefore necessary accommodations should be made in concurrence with the growing. The maximal clip that a subject should last should be a upper limit of one hebdomad. It is besides necessary to guarantee that subjects flow and inst ructors should observe the growing in kids ‘s involvements. This can be done through observations and paying attending to the non-verbal communicating in a kid ‘s activities. Children can be helped to develop growing and accomplishments through planning and showing a assortment of stuffs, which may include books, images, activities, and exploratory undertakings. One of the early doctrines of early childhood instruction known as the High/Scope was incorporated in the United States in 1960. The doctrine is based on Jean Piaget ‘s thoughts that kids should be actively involved in their ain acquisition. Children learn best through making, most frequently working best with custodies on stuffs and chose undertakings they can manage. This therefore means that the grownups who are working with the kids should comprehend themselves as facilitators or spouses than directors or supervisors. This is in line with the theory of humanists, which backs the impression that acquisition is best done when the scholars have desires to larn. The potency of growing of an individualised scholar is unbounded. Learners should hence be empowered to be independent in commanding their acquisition procedure, therefore, larning should non be non be done for them. High/Scope doctrine ensures that all the facets of a kid ‘s development are encompassed and instructors and parents are actively involved in giving support for a kid ‘s emotional, rational, societal, and physical abilities and accomplishments. Therefore, when planing a preschool course of study, it is compulsory to set into consideration all the attacks that are advocated for by the High/ Scope doctrine. High/Scope doctrine should be a usher in footings of denominating different countries for different activities. Children are hence supposed to entree all the necessary installations independently and hence should be responsible for the usage of these countries. A research was conducted to place whether the High/Scope is an effectual manner of preschool acquisition. David Weikart, who evaluated 128 kids in a randomised mode. Sixty-four pupils were subjected into intervention group, while a control group of 64 pupils was non subjected into intervention. Before initialising the research, Weikart ensured that the preschool and the control groups were tantamount in footings of rational public presentations and demographic traits. The consequences were so important since the kids who were subjected to the intervention showed superior feedback as compared to their equals who were non subjected to randomise intervention. Mathematicss construct is used as a theoretical account in this paper. Teaching mathematics in early childhood is really good to a kid ‘s development. It is imperative to observe that the kid acquires foundation for important development during the early old ages. Therefore, this paper give focal point on the importance of larning in the country of math. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics emphasis the importance of larning math early among kids by asseverating that a high-quality and challenging every bit good as accessing mathematics instruction by supplying the chance with necessary foundations for understanding mathematics in their hereafter lives. The National Association besides fronted this thought for the Education of Young Children. The two organisations assert that early instruction in math is of import in the development cognitive facets of kids in multiple countries. By presenting a course of study in math that based on research, preschool instructors ca n efficaciously help immature scholars to turn. One manner of guaranting effectual math larning takes topographic point in a schoolroom is by guaranting that the course of study is based on experiences that are specific to the kids in the schoolroom. Necessary words and stuffs that are relevant and familiar to the kids in respect to the old cognition, background of the community and their cultural importance should be put into consideration. The course of study should guarantee that the interactions are extended and sustained in respect to the math constructs. Math activities should be pre-planned and added where they deem fit in the lesson program. It is besides critical to incorporate and absorb math larning into other countries of the course of study. This will guarantee that kids are exposed to math in all their countries of acquisition and in this respect, kids will cognize that math surrounds every facet of their lives. The course of study should be designed in such a manner that it makes larning to be fun, and an synergisti c procedure that encompasses other larning countries such as literacy, art, music, and physical instruction. Teachers should besides integrate the right vocabulary for math that is ideal for immature kids. For case, instructors can utilize words such as geometry while presenting forms as this will linger for a long clip in a kid ‘s head. In decision, quality experiences of larning in kids are good enhanced by a course of study that is planned right. The course of study interior decorators should take activities, undertakings, and subjects that are necessary in run intoing the demands of the diverse kids. Appropriate consideration should be harmonizing to the age of the pupils so they are given contents that they can easy get the hang and grok. The course of study interior decorators should besides guarantee that the demands of parents and/or defenders are absorbed, and that they are in line with household differences and cultural heritage of every kid. Teachers should ne'er deter early childhood scholars in respect to their age, gender from any peculiar subject or schoolroom activity. In planing a course of study for preschool kids, educational theories, doctrines, and constructs should be taken into consideration.